## Print file declarations

Print declarations can specify the file or special target to which text is to printed. If they don’t specify anything, the default is to print to the standard output stream, usually called 'stdout'. This default can be influenced by means of print file declarations, which act as a sort of global declaration of the file or special target. A typical print file declaration looks like this:

    printfile "some_file.txt";

### Paths

It is possible to use relative (or absolute) paths for the files. For instance:

    printfile "txt_files/some_file.txt";
    printfile "../files/some_file.txt";

For the first print file declaration, text is printed to a file named `some_file.txt` in the `txt_files` directory, where the `txt_files` directory is located in the same directory as the CIF file. For the second print file declaration, text is printed to a file named `some_file.txt` in the `files` directory, where the `files` directory is located in the parent directory of the directory that contains the CIF file.

Files and directories are separated using slashes (`/`), regardless of the used operating system. It is also allowed to use backslashes (`\`), which are more common on Microsoft Windows operating systems, but they need to be escaped as `\\` for this to work, making it easier to use slashes (`/`) instead.

### Special targets

The following special non-file targets are supported:

- `":stdout"`: prints to the standard output stream. In the Eclipse ESCET IDE, the text ends up on the console, as black text.

- `":stderr"`: prints to the standard error stream. In the Eclipse ESCET IDE, the text ends up on the console, as red text.

### Scoping

Print file declarations can (just as print declarations) be specified in all components. That is, they can be specified in the top level scope of the specification, in groups and group definitions, as well as in automata and automaton definitions. A print file declaration that is specified in a certain scope applies to that scope, as well as all child scopes that don’t have a print file declaration of their own. Additionally, print file declarations apply to all print declarations without local file declarations, in scopes to which the print file declarations apply.

For instance, consider the following CIF specification:

    printfile "file1.txt";

    print 5;
    print 6 file "file2.txt";

    group g:
      printfile "file3.txt";

      print 7;
      print 8;
      print 9 file "file4.txt";

      group h:
        printfile "file5.txt";
      end

      group i:
        print 10;
      end
    end

The print declaration that prints `5` is declared in the top level scope of the specification, and does not have a local file declaration. As such, the print file declaration from the top level scope (`file1.txt`) applies to it. The print declaration that prints `6` is declared in the same scope, but has a local print file declaration (`file2.txt`). The local print file declaration (`file2.txt`) overrides the print file declaration from the top level scope (`file1.txt`).

Group `g` also has a print file declaration (`file3.txt`). This overrides the print file declaration from the top level scope (`file1.txt`). The print file declaration from group `g` (`file3.txt`) thus applies to the print declarations that print `7` and `8`, as they are declared in the same scope, and don’t have local print file declarations. The print declaration that prints `9` has a local print file declaration (`file4.txt`), and as such the print file declaration from group `g` (`file3.txt`) does not apply to it.

The print file declaration (`file5.txt`) from group `g.h` does not apply to any print declarations. No text is thus printed for it.

Group `g.i` does not have a print file declaration, so the print file declaration (`file3.txt`) from group `g` (the parent scope of group `g.i`) applies to the print declaration that prints `10`.

See also the Push print file declarations into print declarations CIF to CIF transformation.

### Uniqueness

In every scope (or component), in principle at most one print file declaration may be specified. The exception is that for a single scope, specified in multiple CIF files (when imports are used), if the print file declarations refer to the same target, they are merged. If however the two CIF files refer to different targets, this is still considered an error. It is also considered an error if two print file declarations are present in a single scope, in a single file, regardless of whether they refer to the same target or not. In the end, after processing imports, for every scope there must be a unique print file declaration, if one is declared at all.

If the same file or special target is used/specified multiple times, in different print file declarations or locally in print declarations, the text produced by all these print declarations is all printed to that single file or special target. For instance, consider the following CIF specification:

    print 5 file "some_file.txt";
    print 6 file "some_file.txt";

Even though both print declarations specify a file locally, they use the same file. The output of both print declarations is thus printed to the same file.