LuaSQLite 3

- NAME
- OVERVIEW
- DOWNLOAD
- INSTALLATION
- EXAMPLES
- VERIFICATION TESTS
- REFERENCE
- SQLite3 functions

- sqlite3.complete
- sqlite3.open
- sqlite3.open_memory
- sqlite3.temp_directory
- sqlite3.version

- Database methods

- db:busy_handler
- db:busy_timeout
- db:changes
- db:close
- db:close_vm
- db:create_aggregate
- db:create_collation
- db:create_function
- db:errcode
- db:errmsg
- db:exec
- db:interrupt
- db:isopen
- db:last_insert_rowid
- db:nrows
- db:prepare
- db:progress_handler
- db:rows
- db:total_changes
- db:trace
- db:urows

- Methods for prepared statements

- stmt:bind
- stmt:bind_blob
- stmt:bind_names
- stmt:bind_parameter_count
- stmt:bind_parameter_name
- stmt:bind_values
- stmt:columns
- stmt:finalize
- stmt:get_name
- stmt:get_named_types
- stmt:get_named_values
- stmt:get_names
- stmt:get_type
- stmt:get_types
- stmt:get_unames
- stmt:get_utypes
- stmt:get_uvalues
- stmt:get_value
- stmt:get_values
- stmt:isopen
- stmt:nrows
- stmt:reset
- stmt:rows
- stmt:step
- stmt:urows

- Methods for callback contexts

- context:aggregate_count
- context:get_aggregate_data
- context:set_aggregate_data
- context:result
- context:result_null
- context:result_number
- context:result_int
- context:result_text
- context:result_blob
- context:result_error
- context:user_data

- Numerical error and result codes
- VERSION
- CREDITS
- LICENSE

# NAME

LuaSQLite 3 - a Lua 5.1 wrapper for the SQLite3 library

# OVERVIEW

LuaSQLite 3 is a thin wrapper around the public domain SQLite3 database engine.

The `lsqlite3` module supports the creation and manipulation of SQLite3 databases. After a `require('lsqlite3')` the exported functions are called with prefix `sqlite3`. However, most sqlite3 functions are called via an object-oriented interface to either database or SQL statement objects; see below for details.

This documentation does not attempt to describe how SQLite3 itself works, it just describes the Lua binding and the available functions. For more information about the SQL features supported by SQLite3 and details about the syntax of SQL statements and queries, please see the SQLite3 documentation http://www.sqlite.org/. Using some of the advanced features (how to use callbacks, for instance) will require some familiarity with the SQLite3 API.

# DOWNLOAD

LuaSQLite 3 source code can be downloaded from its LuaForge (http://luaforge.net/projects/luasqlite/) page.

You will also need to build or obtain an SQLite3 loadable library (DLL or .so). See http://www.sqlite.org/ for obtaining SQLite3 source code or downloading a binary SQLite3 library.

# INSTALLATION

A Makefile is provided; it assumes an SQLite3 library is already installed.

# EXAMPLES

The distribution contains an examples directory. The unit tests also show some example use.

# VERIFICATION TESTS

The distribution contains some units tests using Michael Roth's `lunit` (which is also included). Some of the tests were also derived from Michael's lua-sqlite3 module, and more unit tests added by Doug Currie.

The distribution also contains some functional tests by Tiago.

This version of `lsqlite3` was tested with SQLite 3.4.2.

# REFERENCE

# SQLite3 functions

## sqlite3.complete

            sqlite3.complete(sql)

Returns true if the string `sql` comprises one or more complete SQL statements and false otherwise.

## sqlite3.open

            sqlite3.open(filename)

Opens (or creates if it does not exist) an SQLite database with name `filename` and returns its handle as userdata (the returned object should be used for all further method calls in connection with this specific database, see Database methods). Example:

            myDB=sqlite3.open('MyDatabase.sqlite3')  -- open
            -- do some database calls...
            myDB:close()  -- close

In case of an error, the function returns nil, an error code and an error message.

## sqlite3.open_memory

            sqlite3.open_memory()

Opens an SQLite database in memory and returns its handle as userdata. In case of an error, the function returns nil, an error code and an error message. (In-memory databases are volatile as they are never stored on disk.)

## sqlite3.temp_directory

            sqlite3.temp_directory([temp])

Sets or queries the directory used by SQLite for temporary files. If string `temp` is a directory name or nil, the temporary directory is set accordingly and the old value is returned. If `temp` is missing, the function simply returns the current temporary directory.

## sqlite3.version

            sqlite3.version()

Returns a string with SQLite version information, in the form 'x.y[.z]'.

# Database methods

After opening a database with `sqlite3.open()` or `sqlite3.open_memory()` the returned database object should be used for all further method calls in connection with that database. An open database object supports the following methods.

## db:busy_handler

            db:busy_handler([func[,udata]])

Sets or removes a busy handler for a database. `func` is either a Lua function that implements the busy handler or nil to remove a previously set handler. This function returns nothing.

The handler function is called with two parameters: `udata` and the number of (re-)tries for a pending transaction. It should return nil, false or 0 if the transaction is to be aborted. All other values will result in another attempt to perform the transaction. (See the SQLite documentation for important hints about writing busy handlers.)

## db:busy_timeout

            db:busy_timeout(t)

Sets a busy handler that waits for `t` milliseconds if a transaction cannot proceed. Calling this function will remove any busy handler set by `db:busy_handler()`; calling it with an argument less than or equal to 0 will turn off all busy handlers.

## db:changes

            db:changes()

This function returns the number of database rows that were changed (or inserted or deleted) by the most recent SQL statement. Only changes that are directly specified by INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statements are counted. Auxiliary changes caused by triggers are not counted. Use `db:total_changes()` to find the total number of changes.

## db:close

            db:close()

Closes a database. All SQL statements prepared using `db:prepare()` should have been finalized before this function is called. The function returns `sqlite3.OK` on success or else a numerical error code (see the list of Numerical error and result codes).

## db:close_vm

            db:close_vm(temponly)

Finalizes all statements that have not been explicitly finalized. If `temponly` is true, only internal, temporary statements are finalized. This function returns nothing.

## db:create_aggregate

            db:create_aggregate(name,nargs,step,final)

This function creates an aggregate callback function. Aggregates perform an operation over all rows in a query. `name` is a string with the name of the aggregate function as given in an SQL statement; `nargs` is the number of arguments this call will provide. `step` is the actual Lua function that gets called once for every row; it should accept a function context (see Methods for callback contexts) plus the same number of parameters as given in `nargs`. `final` is a function that is called once after all rows have been processed; it receives one argument, the function context.

The function context can be used inside the two callback functions to communicate with SQLite3. Here is a simple example:

            db:exec[=[
              CREATE TABLE numbers(num1,num2);
              INSERT INTO numbers VALUES(1,11);
              INSERT INTO numbers VALUES(2,22);
              INSERT INTO numbers VALUES(3,33);
            ]=]
            local num_sum=0
            local function oneRow(context,num)  -- add one column in all rows
              num_sum=num_sum+num
            end
            local function afterLast(context)   -- return sum after last row has been processed
              context:result_number(num_sum)
              num_sum=0
            end
            db:create_aggregate("do_the_sums",1,oneRow,afterLast)
            for sum in db:urows('SELECT do_the_sums(num1) FROM numbers') do print("Sum of col 1:",sum) end
            for sum in db:urows('SELECT do_the_sums(num2) FROM numbers') do print("Sum of col 2:",sum) end

This prints:

            Sum of col 1:   6
            Sum of col 2:   66

## db:create_collation

            db:create_collation(name,func)

This creates a collation callback. A collation callback is used to establish a collation order, mostly for string comparisons and sorting purposes. `name` is a string with the name of the collation to be created; `func` is a function that accepts two string arguments, compares them and returns 0 if both strings are identical, -1 if the first argument is lower in the collation order than the second and 1 if the first argument is higher in the collation order than the second. A simple example:

            local function collate(s1,s2)
              s1=s1:lower()
              s2=s2:lower()
              if s1==s2 then return 0
              elseif s1<s2 then return -1
              else return 1 end
            end
            db:exec[=[
              CREATE TABLE test(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,content COLLATE CINSENS);
              INSERT INTO test VALUES(NULL,'hello world');
              INSERT INTO test VALUES(NULL,'Buenos dias');
              INSERT INTO test VALUES(NULL,'HELLO WORLD');
            ]=]
            db:create_collation('CINSENS',collate)
            for row in db:nrows('SELECT * FROM test') do print(row.id,row.content) end

## db:create_function

            db:create_function(name,nargs,func)

This function creates a callback function. Callback function are called by SQLite3 once for every row in a query. `name` is a string with the name of the callback function as given in an SQL statement; `nargs` is the number of arguments this call will provide. `func` is the actual Lua function that gets called once for every row; it should accept a function context (see Methods for callback contexts) plus the same number of parameters as given in nargs. Here is an example:

            db:exec'CREATE TABLE test(col1,col2,col3)'
            db:exec'INSERT INTO test VALUES(1,2,4)'
            db:exec'INSERT INTO test VALUES(2,4,9)'
            db:exec'INSERT INTO test VALUES(3,6,16)'
            db:create_function('sum_cols',3,function(ctx,a,b,c)
              ctx:result_number(a+b+c)
            end))
            for col1,col2,col3,sum in db:urows('SELECT *,sum_cols(col1,col2,col3) FROM test') do
              util.printf('%2i+%2i+%2i=%2i\n',col1,col2,col3,sum)
            end

## db:errcode

            db:errcode()
            db:error_code()

Returns the numerical result code (or extended result code) for the most recent failed call associated with database db. See Numerical error and result codes for details.

## db:errmsg

            db:errmsg()
            db:error_message()

Returns a string that contains an error message for the most recent failed call associated with database db.

## db:exec

            db:exec(sql[,func[,udata]])
            db:execute(sql[,func[,udata]])

Compiles and executes the SQL `statement(s)` given in string `sql`. The statements are simply executed one after the other and not stored. The function returns `sqlite3.OK` on success or else a numerical error code (see Numerical error and result codes).

If one or more of the SQL statements are queries, then the callback function specified in `func` is invoked once for each row of the query result (if `func` is nil, no callback is invoked). The callback receives four arguments: `udata` (the third parameter of the `db:exec()` call), the number of columns in the row, a table with the column values and another table with the column names. The callback function should return 0. If the callback returns a non-zero value then the query is aborted, all subsequent SQL statements are skipped and `db:exec()` returns `sqlite3.ABORT`. Here is a simple example:

            sql=[=[
              CREATE TABLE numbers(num1,num2,str);
              INSERT INTO numbers VALUES(1,11,"ABC");
              INSERT INTO numbers VALUES(2,22,"DEF");
              INSERT INTO numbers VALUES(3,33,"UVW");
              INSERT INTO numbers VALUES(4,44,"XYZ");
              SELECT * FROM numbers;
            ]=]
            function showrow(udata,cols,values,names)
              assert(udata=='test_udata')
              print('exec:')
              for i=1,cols do print('',names[i],values[i]) end
              return 0
            end
            db:exec(sql,showrow,'test_udata')

## db:interrupt

            db:interrupt()

This function causes any pending database operation to abort and return at the next opportunity. This function returns nothing.

## db:isopen

            db:isopen()

Returns true if database db is open, false otherwise.

## db:last_insert_rowid

            db:last_insert_rowid()

This function returns the rowid of the most recent INSERT into the database. If no inserts have ever occurred, 0 is returned. (Each row in an SQLite table has a unique 64-bit signed integer key called the 'rowid'. This id is always available as an undeclared column named ROWID, OID, or _ROWID_. If the table has a column of type INTEGER PRIMARY KEY then that column is another alias for the rowid.)

If an INSERT occurs within a trigger, then the rowid of the inserted row is returned as long as the trigger is running. Once the trigger terminates, the value returned reverts to the last value inserted before the trigger fired.

## db:nrows

            db:nrows(sql)

Creates an iterator that returns the successive rows selected by the SQL statement given in string `sql`. Each call to the iterator returns a table in which the named fields correspond to the columns in the database. Here is an example:

            db:exec[=[
              CREATE TABLE numbers(num1,num2);
              INSERT INTO numbers VALUES(1,11);
              INSERT INTO numbers VALUES(2,22);
              INSERT INTO numbers VALUES(3,33);
            ]=]
            for a in db:nrows('SELECT * FROM numbers') do table.print(a) end

This script prints:

            num2: 11
            num1: 1
            num2: 22
            num1: 2
            num2: 33
            num1: 3

## db:prepare

            db:prepare(sql)

This function compiles the SQL statement in string `sql` into an internal representation and returns this as userdata. The returned object should be used for all further method calls in connection with this specific SQL statement (see Methods for prepared statements).

## db:progress_handler

            db:progress_handler(n,func,udata)

This function installs a callback function `func` that is invoked periodically during long-running calls to `db:exec()` or `stmt:step()`. The progress callback is invoked once for every `n` internal operations, where `n` is the first argument to this function. `udata` is passed to the progress callback function each time it is invoked. If a call to `db:exec()` or `stmt:step()` results in fewer than `n` operations being executed, then the progress callback is never invoked. Only a single progress callback function may be registered for each opened database and a call to this function will overwrite any previously set callback function. To remove the progress callback altogether, pass nil as the second argument.

If the progress callback returns a result other than 0, then the current query is immediately terminated, any database changes are rolled back and the containing `db:exec()` or `stmt:step()` call returns `sqlite3.INTERRUPT`. This feature can be used to cancel long-running queries.

## db:rows

            db:rows(sql)

Creates an iterator that returns the successive rows selected by the SQL statement given in string `sql`. Each call to the iterator returns a table in which the numerical indices 1 to n correspond to the selected columns 1 to n in the database. Here is an example:

            db:exec[=[
              CREATE TABLE numbers(num1,num2);
              INSERT INTO numbers VALUES(1,11);
              INSERT INTO numbers VALUES(2,22);
              INSERT INTO numbers VALUES(3,33);
            ]=]
            for a in db:rows('SELECT * FROM numbers') do table.print(a) end

This script prints:

            1: 1
            2: 11
            1: 2
            2: 22
            1: 3
            2: 33

## db:total_changes

            db:total_changes()

This function returns the number of database rows that have been modified by INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE statements since the database was opened. This includes UPDATE, INSERT and DELETE statements executed as part of trigger programs. All changes are counted as soon as the statement that produces them is completed by calling either `stmt:reset()` or `stmt:finalize()`.

## db:trace

            db:trace(func,udata)

This function installs a trace callback handler. `func` is a Lua function that is called by SQLite3 just before the evaluation of an SQL statement. This callback receives two arguments: the first is the `udata` argument used when the callback was installed; the second is a string with the SQL statement about to be executed.

## db:urows

            db:urows(sql)

Creates an iterator that returns the successive rows selected by the SQL statement given in string `sql`. Each call to the iterator returns the values that correspond to the columns in the currently selected row. Here is an example:

            db:exec[=[
              CREATE TABLE numbers(num1,num2);
              INSERT INTO numbers VALUES(1,11);
              INSERT INTO numbers VALUES(2,22);
              INSERT INTO numbers VALUES(3,33);
            ]=]
            for num1,num2 in db:urows('SELECT * FROM numbers') do print(num1,num2) end

This script prints:

            1       11
            2       22
            3       33

# Methods for prepared statements

After creating a prepared statement with `db:prepare()` the returned statement object should be used for all further calls in connection with that statement. Statement objects support the following methods.

## stmt:bind

            stmt:bind(n[,value])

Binds value to statement parameter `n`. If the type of value is string or number, it is bound as text or double, respectively. If `value` is a boolean or nil or missing, any previous binding is removed. The function returns `sqlite3.OK` on success or else a numerical error code (see Numerical error and result codes).

## stmt:bind_blob

            stmt:bind_blob(n,blob)

Binds string `blob` (which can be a binary string) as a blob to statement parameter `n`. The function returns `sqlite3.OK` on success or else a numerical error code (see Numerical error and result codes).

## stmt:bind_names

            stmt:bind_names(nametable)

Binds the values in `nametable` to statement parameters. If the statement parameters are named (i.e., of the form ``:AAA'' or ``$AAA'') then this function looks for appropriately named fields in `nametable`; if the statement parameters are not named, it looks for numerical fields 1 to the number of statement parameters. The function returns `sqlite3.OK` on success or else a numerical error code (see Numerical error and result codes).

## stmt:bind_parameter_count

            stmt:bind_parameter_count()

Returns the largest statement parameter index in prepared statement `stmt`. When the statement parameters are of the forms ``:AAA'' or ``?'', then they are assigned sequentially increasing numbers beginning with one, so the value returned is the number of parameters. However if the same statement parameter name is used multiple times, each occurrence is given the same number, so the value returned is the number of unique statement parameter names.

If statement parameters of the form ``?NNN'' are used (where NNN is an integer) then there might be gaps in the numbering and the value returned by this interface is the index of the statement parameter with the largest index value.

## stmt:bind_parameter_name

            stmt:bind_parameter_name(n)

Returns the name of the `n`-th parameter in prepared statement `stmt`. Statement parameters of the form ``:AAA'' or ``@AAA'' or ``$VVV'' have a name which is the string ``:AAA'' or ``@AAA'' or ``$VVV''. In other words, the initial ``:'' or ``$'' or ``@'' is included as part of the name. Parameters of the form ``?'' or ``?NNN'' have no name. The first bound parameter has an index of 1. If the value `n` is out of range or if the `n`-th parameter is nameless, then nil is returned. The function returns `sqlite3.OK` on success or else a numerical error code (see Numerical error and result codes)

## stmt:bind_values

            stmt:bind_values(value1,value2,...,valueN)

Binds the given values to statement parameters. The function returns `sqlite3.OK` on success or else a numerical error code (see Numerical error and result codes).

## stmt:columns

            stmt:columns()

Returns the number of columns in the result set returned by statement stmt or 0 if the statement does not return data (for example an UPDATE).

## stmt:finalize

            stmt:finalize()

This function frees prepared statement stmt. If the statement was executed successfully, or not executed at all, then `sqlite3.OK` is returned. If execution of the statement failed then an error code is returned.

## stmt:get_name

            stmt:get_name(n)

Returns the name of column `n` in the result set of statement stmt. (The left-most column is number 0.)

## stmt:get_named_types

            stmt:get_named_types()

Returns a table with the names and types of all columns in the result set of statement stmt.

## stmt:get_named_values

            stmt:get_named_values()

This function returns a table with names and values of all columns in the current result row of a query.

## stmt:get_names

            stmt:get_names()

This function returns an array with the names of all columns in the result set returned by statement stmt.

## stmt:get_type

            stmt:get_type(n)

Returns the type of column `n` in the result set of statement stmt. (The left-most column is number 0.)

## stmt:get_types

            stmt:get_types()

This function returns an array with the types of all columns in the result set returned by statement stmt.

## stmt:get_unames

            stmt:get_unames()

This function returns a list with the names of all columns in the result set returned by statement stmt.

## stmt:get_utypes

            stmt:get_utypes()

This function returns a list with the types of all columns in the result set returned by statement stmt.

## stmt:get_uvalues

            stmt:get_uvalues()

This function returns a list with the values of all columns in the current result row of a query.

## stmt:get_value

            stmt:get_value(n)

Returns the value of column `n` in the result set of statement stmt. (The left-most column is number 0.)

## stmt:get_values

            stmt:get_values()

This function returns an array with the values of all columns in the result set returned by statement stmt.

## stmt:isopen

            stmt:isopen()

Returns true if stmt has not yet been finalized, false otherwise.

## stmt:nrows

            stmt:nrows()

Returns an function that iterates over the names and values of the result set of statement `stmt`. Each iteration returns a table with the names and values for the current row. This is the prepared statement equivalent of `db:nrows()`.

## stmt:reset

            stmt:reset()

This function resets SQL statement `stmt`, so that it is ready to be re-executed. Any statement variables that had values bound to them using the `stmt:bind*()` functions retain their values.

## stmt:rows

            stmt:rows()

Returns an function that iterates over the values of the result set of statement stmt. Each iteration returns an array with the values for the current row. This is the prepared statement equivalent of `db:rows()`.

## stmt:step

            stmt:step()

This function must be called to evaluate the (next iteration of the) prepared statement stmt. It will return one of the following values:

- `sqlite3.BUSY`: the engine was unable to acquire the locks needed. If the statement is a COMMIT or occurs outside of an explicit transaction, then you can retry the statement. If the statement is not a COMMIT and occurs within a explicit transaction then you should rollback the transaction before continuing.

- `sqlite3.DONE`: the statement has finished executing successfully. `stmt:step()` should not be called again on this statement without first calling `stmt:reset()` to reset the virtual machine back to the initial state.

- `sqlite3.ROW`: this is returned each time a new row of data is ready for processing by the caller. The values may be accessed using the column access functions. `stmt:step()` can be called again to retrieve the next row of data.

- `sqlite3.ERROR`: a run-time error (such as a constraint violation) has occurred. `stmt:step()` should not be called again. More information may be found by calling `db:errmsg()`. A more specific error code (can be obtained by calling `stmt:reset()`.

- `sqlite3.MISUSE`: the function was called inappropriately, perhaps because the statement has already been finalized or a previous call to `stmt:step()` has returned `sqlite3.ERROR` or `sqlite3.DONE`.

## stmt:urows

            stmt:urows()

Returns an function that iterates over the values of the result set of statement stmt. Each iteration returns the values for the current row. This is the prepared statement equivalent of `db:urows()`.

# Methods for callback contexts

A callback context is available as a parameter inside the callback functions `db:create_aggregate()` and `db:create_function()`. It can be used to get further information about the state of a query.

## context:aggregate_count

            context:aggregate_count()

Returns the number of calls to the aggregate step function.

## context:get_aggregate_data

            context:get_aggregate_data()

Returns the user-definable data field for callback funtions.

## context:set_aggregate_data

            context:set_aggregate_data(udata)

Set the user-definable data field for callback funtions to `udata`.

## context:result

            context:result(res)

This function sets the result of a callback function to res. The type of the result depends on the type of res and is either a number or a string or nil. All other values will raise an error message.

## context:result_null

            context:result_null()

This function sets the result of a callback function to nil. It returns nothing.

## context:result_number

            context:result_number(number)
            context:result_double(number)

This function sets the result of a callback function to the value `number`. It returns nothing.

## context:result_int

            context:result_int(number)

This function sets the result of a callback function to the integer value in `number`. It returns nothing.

## context:result_text

            context:result_text(str)

This function sets the result of a callback function to the string in `str`. It returns nothing.

## context:result_blob

            context:result_blob(blob)

This function sets the result of a callback function to the binary string in `blob`. It returns nothing.

## context:result_error

            context:result_error(err)

This function sets the result of a callback function to the error value in `err`. It returns nothing.

## context:user_data

            context:user_data()

Returns the userdata parameter given in the call to install the callback function (see `db:create_aggregate()` and `db:create_function()` for details).

# Numerical error and result codes

The following constants are defined by module sqlite3:

            OK: 0          ERROR: 1       INTERNAL: 2    PERM: 3        ABORT: 4
            BUSY: 5        LOCKED: 6      NOMEM: 7       READONLY: 8    INTERRUPT: 9
            IOERR: 10      CORRUPT: 11    NOTFOUND: 12   FULL: 13       CANTOPEN: 14
            PROTOCOL: 15   EMPTY: 16      SCHEMA: 17     TOOBIG: 18     CONSTRAINT: 19
            MISMATCH: 20   MISUSE: 21     NOLFS: 22      FORMAT: 24     RANGE: 25
            NOTADB: 26     ROW: 100       DONE: 101

For details about their exact meaning please see the SQLite3 documentation http://www.sqlite.org/.

# VERSION

This is `lsqlite3` subversion 6, also known as ``devel-0.6''.

# CREDITS

`lsqlite3` was developed by Tiago Dionizio and Doug Currie with contributions from Thomas Lauer and Michael Roth.

This documentation is based on the ``(very) preliminary'' documents for the Idle-SQLite3 database module. Thanks to Thomas Lauer for making it available.

# LICENSE

        /************************************************************************
        * lsqlite3                                                              *
        * Copyright (C) 2002-2007 Tiago Dionizio, Doug Currie                   *
        * All rights reserved.                                                  *
        * Author    : Tiago Dionizio <tiago.dionizio@ist.utl.pt>                *
        * Author    : Doug Currie <doug.currie@alum.mit.edu>                    *
        * Library   : lsqlite3 - a SQLite 3 database binding for Lua 5          *
        *                                                                       *
        * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining *
        * a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the       *
        * "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including   *
        * without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,   *
        * distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to    *
        * permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to *
        * the following conditions:                                             *
        *                                                                       *
        * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be        *
        * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.       *
        *                                                                       *
        * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,       *
        * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF    *
        * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.*
        * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY  *
        * CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,  *
        * TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE     *
        * SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                *
        ************************************************************************/